US History III (HIST&148)

Winter 2020
Gary Tou

1/2/2020

Welcome to class. Covered Canvas site.

1/6/2020

Professor’s Verbal Clues: “This is important because…”

The Gilded Age

1880s-1900s

The Gilded Age looks economically good on the surface, but realistically/internally there were a lot of problems.

The Gilded Age was the foundation of themes within the social class, interactions, financial development, political development that show up in the 1900s

Gilded only looks “gold” on the surface but isn’t actually gold.

• US became an economic powerhouse. Industrial powerhouse. (used to be Germany and great Britain)
• Actually a time of conflict (social conflict. Between social classes, boss & worker, immigrants & us born citizens)
• New cities → pollution + lack of housing, food source

Captains of Industry

Group is nicknamed “Robber Barons”. These people approached business differently.

• Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Steel’s Vertical Integration

• Similar to workers compared to the other Robber Barons. He has a life story similar to workers

• Andrew Carnegie was an immigrant from Scotland
• He started working as a child (had a dangerous job). He hired a lot of children to work in his coal mines.

• He didn’t go to university. Through night classes, he learned to use telegram and became a personal assistant. Through working in the office setting, he learned from others (found mentors) skills like accounting
• Vertical Integration (business strategy)

• Doing everything yourself from the bottom up. Keep expenses in house. Prevent outsourcing work.
• In order to create a steel beam, you first own a coal mine, then factory, then transportation (Carnegie had his own ships to deliver steel to venders).

• Carnegie was the first with the idea to donate major money to charities

• Gave away $350 mil personal wealth
• Donated to mainly education
• Some say the donation is just to improve personal PR/reputation
• Many Robber barons followed afterward Carnegie (because of social pressure to be better).
• He helped set up food banks which his workers had to go to (he could have just paid them more).
• As a result, all of Robber Barron’s names are in our society today (Rockefeller Center, Carnegie University, etc.).

• Rockefeller & Standard Oil’s Monopoly

• Big ego (in paintings, he has a big head)

• Big crown on his head
• He had trains on his crown

• Monopoly

• Having control over an entire industry.
• At his peak, 90-95% of the oil refining industry was controlled by his company because of his railroads.

• He got a discount early on to be able to transport oil cheaply. When other companies went out of business, Rockefeller would buy up the business and integrate it into his.
• Later on, there were court cases about this monopoly.

• Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest)

• Similar to Charles Darwin’s idea from biology

• Origin of Species (1859)

• All Robber Barons used this idea
• The Robber Barons used this idea to explain why they are wealthy and their workers aren’t. There’s something about them in their DNA (smarter, tougher) that made them better. They avoided practical reasons (workers had lower wages, few opportunities)

1/7/2020

Sign up for BC Alerts for class cancelation (snow)

Prospectus → think about what you enjoy

Discussion #2

• About manners. People in the Gilded Age were obsessed with manners. “I’m better than you, I’m superior than you”
• Include specific examples from the reading (quotes). View HIST&146 example on Canvas
•  Reply

• Something that’s similar
• Something that’d difference (something I didn’t notice)
• One thing that I liked. (writing style, attention to detail)

New Wave of Immigration

1880-1915

Immigraiton numbers:

• 1870-1880 = 2.8 million        (old wave)
• 1880-1890 = 5.2 million        ← large increase in immigration (new wave)

Immigration country of origin:

Push factors of this time period (reasons to move away):

• War
• Religion persecution
• Farming disasters/droughts

Pull factors (reasons to come to the US):

• More jobs (they didn’t know what the jobs were, but they were willing to take the chance)

New wave immigrants had to be processed at locations like Ellis Island. They were able to move westerns because of the railroads, but most stayed concentrated in the east.

Majority of the workforce in low paying, factory jobs tend to be immigrants from underrepresented countries. Factory work isn’t just a large brick building with large machines.

Segmented Working Class

If you were a medical doctor in Russia and came over to the US, your experience/degree might not matter. You would be working low paying jobs. The entire family was expected to work (even children. Starting at age 10-12)

Wage is based on Skilled vs. Unskilled:

Dangerous Working and Living Conditions

Factories were fire hazards. Little space, garments everywhere.

Close proximity → easy to spread disease.

Children were expected to work (starting at age 10-12. There was no age limit/parental permission). They had smaller hands (textile industry) and body parts (coal mines).

Typing is a highly desirable women factory job. Seen as less dangerous.

If injured on the job. You can sue the employer, but this is very difficult because if your co-worker was the cause of the negligence, your employer is off the hook.

No food standards → consumers put at risk

1/8/2020

Tenement Apartment

• Cramped, clustered
• Grouped by country of origin, ethnicity, and wage

• More expensive apartments had windows. Exterior apartments.

• Fire hazard. No fire, health, or earthquake codes
• Low ceilings, messy
• 4-5 stories high
• Generally started off as a one/two room apartment which landlords subdivided with metal sheets/drapes
• Exposed coal-burning stove

• Coal is cheaper than wood
• Only heat source & cooking
• Respiratory hazards

• Landlords sacrificed quality of life for profit.
• Walking distance to factories. Lived near fumes/chemicals from factory.
• Only 10% of tenements had running water. No toilets. Go to bathroom outside or in chamber pot.
• Some apartments were used as a home and for work.
• Brothel (house of prostitution) mixed in around tenement apartments.

Jacob Riis

• Immigrant from Denmark
• Crime photographer
• He generally ended up in tenement apartments and felt like people should be exposed to the conditions of the apartments.

• Created a book How the Other Half Lives. Marketed towards rich people.

• One picture shows a group of very young kids sitting on a dumpster with an advertisement about toys. But, these kids couldn’t afford these toys.

• Another advertisement in the photos shows Sioux Indian who were on display like animals

• Shows Robber Barrons what tenement apartments look like.

Knights of Labor

One of the first powerful labor union. Started in late 1860s. Created by group of tailors. Started by offering discount of burial plots

Terence Powderly soon took over and make the union more aggressive

• Demanded wage goal: $2/day. 8 hour days (Slogan: “8 hours of work, 8 hours of sleep, 8 hours of what we will (play/relax)”. Work hours were very inconsistent. Some days were 10 hours, others were 0 hours.
• In 1885 a railroad company planned to cut wages by 10%. The union threatened to strike and bargained with the employer. The knights of Labor credited with stopped their plans to cut 10% of wage. As a result, more people signed up to join

Members of the union

1885 → 100,000 members

1886 → 730,000 members.

• They allowed almost everyone to join, but internally, they were segregated
• Men & Women (but didn’t get leadership roles)
• African American (limited power)
• Chinese workers banned
• Segregated union

Some people buy insurance on themselves (in case you get injured).

Possible research project idea: WTO protest in Seattle. Riots on labor 1990s

1/9/2020

May 1st, 1886 Strike

• Strike across America. Goal of 8 hours work day
• Chicago, 400,000 striked

• McCormick company, 1,400 striked

• Makes tractors
• McCormick fired workers the next day (5/2)
• Scab workers hired (temporary workers) (5/3)
• Fired workers protested & blocked Scabs from entering factory. McCormick called police to keep the peace. Shots were fired and 6 protesters killed (5/3)
• Haymarket Square Riot. May 4th, 1886
  Germany Antichrists (weren’t apart of the Knights of Labor) planned a rally on 5/4.

• 3,000 showed up. At the end of the day, 300 left and bomb was thrown at the police. Unclear who threw/made it.
• 7 police killed, 60 police injured, 30 protesters injured. 8 anarchist arrested (some executed, died in prison, served life-sentence).

• Police/government went after the Anarchist and Knights of Labors
• Unions became less aggressive
• People dropped their Knights of labors members to not be associated with the group. Membership dropped to a few hundred in a few years.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• President: Samuel Gomper
• “Pure and Simple” Moderate Unionism. Was not aggressive like Knights of Labor. Their goal was for the AFL to be long-lasting.
• Membership requirements: US-born Skilled workers

• Immigrants and unskilled workers who are suffering the most didn’t benefit.

• AFL had 2 mil members out of the total 2.7 million Americans who were in a union.

Bosses & Machines

Bosses

• A city government employee (no higher positions like at the state/federal level)
• People would want to develop a relationship with these Bosses to get something from them (favors).
• Bosses mainly relied on partisan voters to stay in office (committed voters even if candidate has been in the wrong).

Machines

• Group of people who work for the Boss
• Machines do the dirty work for the boss. Machines would get benefits from the boss.

This political structure was very common.

Very few Bosses have served time/gotten punishment. It was seen as impossible.

Boss Tweed

Boss Tweed was the Boss of the New York (his machine was called Tammany Hall).

Boss Tweed was one of the few Bosses arrested. He got arrested for fraud and died in prison. His machine kept going and supporting other bosses.

Forms of Leisure: Coney Island, Brooklyn

Paying money to have fun was a new concept in the Gilden Age.

Coney Island was originally made for the middle class, but soon, the New Wave Immigrants started going to Coney Island. Middle-class people didn’t want to interact with the inferior (New Wave immigrants). Middle-class wanted to separate themselves from the inferior.

Middle Class Society & Culture

Victorian Morality

Middle class men & women expected to follow these rules of Victorian Morality to show that they’re better than the New Wave Immigrants and the working class because of their self-restraint. They avoid an excess of everything (sex, alcohol consumption, excess food consumption, excess gambling). They used this manner to say “I’m better than you”. All of these standards were passed down to their kids.

The Cult of Domesticity

Middle class Women also had to follow the Cult of Domesticity. Home and work is seen as separate (something working class would not afford as they worked at home). As a result, the home became a sanctuary away from work. Known as Angels of the household, the middle class women were responsible for decorating homes (table cloths, table setting, cloth napkins)

Department Stores

aka “Palaces of Consumption”

Angels of the household went to the Department Stores to buy consumer items for their homes to prevent interacting with the working class at street-side shops. These department stores were fancy and make the women feel like a queen. (Piano, couches to rest, food court, etc.)

A job in the department store is ideal (usually only for middle class girls).

1/13/2020 [SNOW DAY]

Class cancelled because of snow.

1/14/2020 [SNOW DAY]

Class cancelled because of snow.

1/15/2020 [SNOW DAY]

Class cancelled because of snow.

1/16/2020

No school Monday (1/20)

Start searching for 5 academic sources and preparing for in-class essay (on 1/27)

The Progressive Era

1900-1917        (1917. US enters WW1)

“Clean up period” for the Gilded Age

• Clean up dead animals
• Sewer system. Children are playing with the open sewers
• Reliable free public education. There was no required education
• Make the city physically look better (pave roads, run-down buildings)

Progressives

They were all over the country, but all believed in the following:

• Disagreed with Social Darwinism. They believed in structure/infurtecutre issues

• Not having access to food
• Low wages
• Lack of opportunities

• Reacted to Industrialization. There wasn’t enough time for resource to catch up to industrialization.

• Not enough time to build schools/safety nets

• Wanted active role of government. More government involvement.

• More laws (especially those that are followed)
• Less corruption

• Emphasize organization & efficiency

• Looked at statistics, interviewed. Systematic approach. Very by the book and orderly

There are a lot of women involved. For example, the “Housewives Alliance” group.

People call them clubs, but they’re more like agency. Women treated it like full time jobs.

Women in the Progressive Era

• Rise in College-educated Women. In 1910, 40% of college students were women (current > 50%)

• Many women graduated and couldn’t find a job that matches their degree. So they brought their knowledge to the clubs.

• In 1910 ¼ of all workers were women. There was a wide variety of jobs (not just office work)

• Lawyers
• Journalist
• Dentists
• Surgeon/Doctor
• Miner
• Banking
• Butcher
• But there was still a pay gap

• In 1916 Divorse Rate = 1 in 9 (was 1 in 12. Currently 1 in 2)

• People were scared.

• “Municipal Housekeepers”

• They’re gonna save the whole city. Making sure all kids across the city were fed. It gave women who had the finance and time a purpose/sense of identity

• Failure of Suffrage Campaigns

• In some states, women still wouldn’t vote
• Getting involved with the clubs/campaigns was a way to make a difference.

Muckrakers (Journalists)

They rake up the crap in society and put it out there for people to see.

They wrote articles and books of topics that were hurting people in hopes for new laws

McClure’s Magazine

Filled with scandals and stories from Muckrakers

This one Muckraker found that young women working in shoe factory didn’t have fingernails. Went undercover as a worker. Found out that the women dipping the shoes in dye didn’t wear gloves. She wrote it in McClure's Magazine and the public went after the company.

1/21/2020

In class essay - Monday 1/27. BUY A GREEN BOOK + Pen/Pencil

• Option: bring printed copy of reading + index card of notes
• Three sources from different geographical regions
• While reading, list challenges that each group faced

• Family issues/family drama
• Stopping people from harassing them because of their long beard.

No discussion this week - prepare for the in class essay

Extra credit activity “WWI diaries” Due 1/27

Midterm Thursday 2/6

The Reform Campaigns

• Settlement Houses
• Industrial Safety
• City Beautiful Campaigns
• Public Health
• Food and Drug Regulations

Settlement House

Like a daycare, boys & girls club, reading/writing schools

Middle class educated women (mostly young white, unmarried) ran these. They were old houses that the women lived in and provided resources for women and kids.

• Hull House in Chicago (Created by Jane Addams)
• Henry Street in New York
• Neighborhood House in Seattle

Settlement House workers got paid. Mainly new wave/working class workers. Different social classes and ethics living together under the same roof (surprising).

Henry Street Settlement House

NYC, 1910

Staged photos

• Very tall walls - safety
• Children are painting
• White clothes - abundant supplies of clean materials

Was in an alleyway, Turned it into a garden/park

Industrial Safety

Women (angels of the household) fighting for new laws. These women weren’t viewed as threatening. They played on the “I am helping you” (politicians were scared of the factory workers. The women weren’t workers in the factory and were middle-class).

• 8 hour days, $2 wage/day
• In the 1950s, they were able to get 50 new safety laws
• 30 states banned child labor (under 10 years old)
• Women fighting

City Beautiful Campaigns

Cities spent a lot of money to make the city cleaner, safer, healthier.

• Chicago spent 300 million (progressive era $) to clear up the city (new sewers, dead animal collection system, regular garbage clean up)
• Chicago built playgrounds with a tall fence and barbed wire. The message is that these kids will be safe.

• compared to previously where kids played on the street, near dumpsters and dead animals, this was much safer

Public Health

• Infant mortality rate went down
• Terburlocus death rate went down
• Shared scientific research (large posters). Basic health stuff

• Washing hands. Soap
• Keeping germs to yourself
• Covering coughs
• Avoid crowds

• Kids forced to go to school and forced health examinations at schools

Food and Drug Regulations

People were getting sick because of contaminated foods (mainly milk and meats). Milk wasn’t pasteurized

Meat

“The Jungle” book written by Upton Sinclair (muckraker) exposed the meatpacking plants

• Rat poop all over the meat. Used factories used poisonous bread to kill rats were also put into machines with meat and dead rats to create sausage
• He went undercover. After his book was published, the public now knew why they were getting sick.

Medicine

Medicine was falsely advertised and contaminated

• Hamlin’s Wizard Oil was just cooking vegetable oil. It claims to cure: Toothache, Sore Throat, Sprains, Bruise, Cramps, Rheumatism

As a result, the USDA was created. People now wanted to buy meat from the US because it was certified.

Rev. Paul Smith, American Social Hygiene Association created a drawing of a monster with arms. Each arm represented a thought of things that would hurt people.

• French houses (brothel)
• Anti-immigrant

Moral Control in Cities

The “Social Evil” (Prostitution)

People wanted to end prostitution. Publically shamed prostitutes and their customers. Laws eventually changed and made prostitution illegal.

Americanization programs

If there is a new wave immigrant who’s going to be working in a settlement house, they were taught how to be more American (cook food, write/read in English, change hairstyle, the way acted, learned the pledge of allegiance).

Dance Hall Girls

San Francisco

Charge men 10 cents for a fully clothed slow dance.

The California Civic Leauge thoughts these girls were vulnerable to become prostitutes. The middle-class women tried to provide jobs that were “appropriate”. The Dance Hall Girls wrote very direct and verbal letters rejecting them.

1/22/2020

In class essay

• Traditional narrative format (partial intro/conclusion)
• Argument ideas: A challenge that unites all three groups. One group had it harder/better off compared to the others. Topics to focus on: Work, stability in family

World War I

WWI was 1914 → 1918

The first “Total War”

• 60 million fought
• 8.5 million died in battle
• 21 million wounded
• 8 million civilians killed
• And the economies were hurt/stressed

During WWI, they started paying attention to mental health (PTSD used to be called Shell Shock).

The mindset of people in the united states will shift because of the war. A lot of the ideas such as improving factories and progress were set aside because “there isn’t time for it”.

Start of the War (1914)

• Franz Ferdinand and wife were assassinated in Sarajevo (June 18, 1914).
• Austro-Hungary declared war with
• Many countries joined through alliances. These alliances were very old.

• The Allies (France, Great Britain & Russia)
• The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey))
• Tangled web of alliances. Involved in war through contract even if they won’t want to be involved.

• European countries all wanted more land

The US believed it didn’t need alliances because it was surrounded by water. In the 1800s, the US was very isolated from world affairs. Nowadays, the US is known as the global police (military troops everywhere. Gets involved with everything, everywhere).

The US wants to stay neutral. Realistically, we weren’t

• President Wilson’s Anglophilia
• Economic ties between US and Great Britain (if Great Britain’s economy went down, so would the US)
• US Bank Loans: JP Morgan loaned $500 million to Allies
• By 1917: $2.3 billion loaned to Allies vs. $27 million loaned to Germany. Government loans
• Kids learned about the 13 original colonies. Felt like a little sibling to Great Britain

US think of The Central Powers as only Germany (forgets about the rest of the countries)

Trench Warfare

• 12 ft tall
• Dead bodies, rats
• Close proximity: disease
• Flooded with water and raw sewage

German U-Boats (submarine)

May 7, 1915, German U-boats sunk the British Lusitania (civilian passengers. 128 Americans killed. 1198 total killed)

Zimmerman Telegram

The breaking point that caused US to join the war.

German’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman send a coded telegram (supposed to be secret) to Germany’s Ambassador in Mexico. The message was captured, decoded, and published in the US.

The message said if you can persuade Mexico to declare war on the US, Germany would help Mexico get their “lost territories” back. In 1846-1848, Mexico lost half its land to the US in a war.

April 2, 1917: Congress voted for war

The thought of losing that land pushed the US into WWI.

1/23/2020

Mobilizing at Home (1917)

The government became more involved with people’s lives at home in the US. It was easy for the government to be intrusive because of war.

• April 1917: US unprepared with only 120,000 in Amry and 80,000 in national Guard

• Never served in combat (inexperienced)
• Higher ranked soldiers were either very young & inexperienced or very old & outdated experiences.
• Didn’t train with new warfare technology

• May 1917: Selective Service Act for men 21-31, later 18-45, to register for draft

• 24 million registered
• 3 million got drafted
• US was very desperate and increased draft to 18-45

• Segregated military by race until 1950s (past WWI)

• Some branches of the military banned certain races (no blacks in marines)

• Soldiers & Sex Education

• Progressive Era activists took moral control (no prostitutes, stds (venereal disease), etc.) and taught it in military boot camps.

Government involvement in Economy during War

• War Industries Board mobilized economy

• Fuel Administration went to factories and changed their products to items the military needed through war contracts (Textile → uniforms for soldiers). Companies aren’t used to this government control. But since it was wartime, Robber Barrans/CEOs put up with it because they don’t want to be shamed for anti-war/anti-American.

• Fuel Administration

• Introduced Daylight Savings
• Families started burning wood instead of coal. Coal was sent to military

• Food Administration

• Told people what you can/can’t eat
• Herbert Hoover rationed wheat, meat, and sugar

• Herbert Hoovers was a hero during WWI. He created a food surplus and feed orphans/soldiers of the Allies
• Later, the US starves during the Great Depression and Hoover was blamed

Government wanted everyone involved.

Positive advertisement

• Boys and Girls can help by raising sheep (join Sheep Cllub). 20 sheep = new uniform for a soilder

Shaming advertisements

• “Food is Ammunition - Don’t waste it.”
• Grow your own food/eat canned foods
• If you were found to have bread, you were shamed
• “Eat less wheat, meat, sugar, and fats to save for the army and our associates”
• Neighbors were the moral police (they shamed people. Encouraged by the government)

Financial Support

• Liberty Loans (war bonds)

• 5-20 year period

• Federal income tax. If you complained, you got shamed
• Committee on Public Information (CPI) led wartime propaganda

• Targeted immigrants from Central Power countries

• They were lynched. People thought of them as spies

• Immigrants from neutral countries were also targeted because they weren’t on the US’s side
• Names of food changed (Hamburger → liberty sandwich)

End of The War

Nov 11th, 1918

Buggy Poppy (linked to opium)

US only spent 1.5 years fighting WW1. Long peace process. Some people think that the US was more involved with the peace process than the fighting.

Treaty of Versailles

June 1919

• Germany disarmed & stripped of its colonies
• Forced to admit sole blame of WWI
• Reparation payment of $5 billion
• Germany lost 1/10 of its population and ⅛ of its territory

Seems to only punish Germany (rest of the Central Powers countries seem to disappear)

As a result, Germany is a financial reck. Historians now see that the treaty was a motivation for Germany to push back.

League of Nationals

President Willson Woodrow’s idea. It doesn’t exist anymore.

Goal to prevent war

• Talk it out. Create a peace treaty
• Similar to the UN

US was never apart of it

• Very partisan. Some politicians didn’t want to join because they’re against Democrats.
• People didn’t want to get involved with world affairs
• 39 Republican Senators rejected on February 1919

Wilson’s speaking tour of 37 speeches in 22 days. Got serious stroke and incompasastated for the rest of his term (2 years)

1937 poll: 70% of people said WWI was a mistake to get involved with

1/27/2020

In-class essay today

1/28/2020

Extra credit due tonight

In-class essay returned by monday

1920s

The 1920s showed trends which are still present today.

1920s Consumer Culture

• 1919 Consumer debt of $2.6 billion rose to $7.1 billion in 1929

• Buying things on credit
• Used to have to set up individual accounts with stores
• Everyone was economically well. Unemployment rate: 3%. So people felt okay to spend

• Consumer Durables Revolution

• Consumer Durables: Heavy duty items you don’t throw away

• Cars, Appliances, Irons, Radios

• Intense social pressure to buy consumer durables. They felt like they had to buy a car/other consumer durables.

• Automobile Craze: Ford Model T.

• Weekly payment plan
• Ford Model T. costed $300-$400 in 1920s. About $3,500 nowadays
• In 1910s, only elites owned cars. In 1930, 60% of families own a car

• Chain stores and fast food restaurants

• Drive-up (eat in your car)
• When people keep buying on credit, they have more cash on hand to eat out.

• New housecleaning technology

• Toaster
• Vacuum cleaners
• Irons
• Refrigerator (ice box)

• Created new job: Iceman. Delivered ice to your doorstep every day
• As a result, people bought more food

• Washing machines

• Gas powered
• You have to stand by the machine & manually insert each clothing then use the built-in roller to remove excess water
• This actually added to the household cleaning work. Took longer

• As a result, there are higher expectations. Houses must be cleaner. Laundry must be spotless. Bread must be sliced nicely and toasted

The “New Woman”

• Changes in fashion and hair

• Shorter dresses
• Short hair. The bob hair cut
• Tie & bow
• No more hourglass look

• Carefree attitude

• Didn’t care about consequences. Even personal safety
• Smoking cigarettes

• The Flapper rejected the “Angel of the Household” of the 19th century
• Dating became more casual

• Going out on a date just to see if you like them used to be uncommon.
• Dating used to have a lot of parent involvement

Flappers

• Young
• Flapper name came from their breads/dresses which made flapping noises
• Magazines (Vogue, Vanity Fair) should help spread and define the Flapper Look

Margaret Sanger & Birth Control Movement

• White Middle class.
• Founder of the American Birth Control League
• Birth Control was easier to get a hold of

• No hormone related birth controls. All barrier
• People know where to buy it

• There was a High Maternal Death Rate. Women commonly died during/after giving birth.

• Margaret helped mom spaced our pregnancies to help prolong lifespans.
• Margaret mainly talked to married women/couples. Working class, poor, new wave immigrants. It wasn’t legal to send sex information in the mail

• Open the first birth control clinic in the US (Brooklyn, NYC. 1916)

• In a heavily new wave immigrant location

• She supported Eugenics.

• Her first birth control clinic was in immigrant neighborhoods to decrease their reproduction rate (to create a superior rate)

Helped with contraceptives, but supports eugenics

Prohibition

• 1840s: Start of Temperance groups

• Wanted people to drink less
• Mainly religious communities. Focused on talking to individual, families. Used religious language (“going to hell”).

• 1870s & 1880s: Anti-Saloon Leagues appear across the US

• Dry-town: no alcohol
• But, people just went to wet-towns to stock up on alcohol

• 1920: 18th Amendment

• Illegal to manufacture and sell alcohol (but not to buy/drink  alcohol)

Some people who understand psychology and addiction believed that prohibition was positive. They thought society would improve if alcohol was removed.

“The reign of tears is over. The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and comcribs. Men will walk upright now, women will smile, and the children will laugh.” - Billy Sunday

Results of Prohibition

• Speakeasies opened & wealthy Ameriacns ignored the law

• Underground/hidden. Secret passage
• If caught, you just have to pay a fine. So wealthy people could afford it.

• Rise in organized crime

• Smuggled alcohol into US from other countries

• Career advancement for women who supported prohibition

• If you stay that you will enforce prohibition, you were able to easily find a job.

1/29/2020

Discussion post #4

• Find a newspaper from 1920-1929 in the database
• Pick an article and answer the discussion questions

Thursday 2/6 midterm. Bring one scantron and pencil

Tuesday 2/11 annotated bibliography due

1920s Racism & Nativism

1920s were one of the most racially hostile decades

• 1915: D.W. Griffin, The Birth of A Nation

• Revolutionary film. “First movie”
• The movie was about a group of KKK characters
• The KKK existed in the 1800s, but died down in the late 1800s when the government officially declared them as a hate group. In the 1920s, the KKK rose back up because of this film. They expanded across all of US and widened groups that they attacked
• Inspired businessman out of Georgia to turn the KKK into an actual job.

Ku Klux Klan

• New Marketing attracted members

• Marketed to kids, moms, dads. Family group
• Picnics. State of Texas created a KKK day. KKK endorsements

• Proud to say that they’re apart of the KKK
• You had to pay money to join the group and buy official KKK attire
• 1923: 5 million members
• 1925: Decline of KKK amid Rape Scandal of Indiana’s Grand Wizard

• Because the KKK was marketed as family orientated, this bad press cause many women and members to leave the group. They don’t want to be associated with this bad press
• As a result, they went back underground but rose again in the 1950s

Legal Nativism

• 1921 Immigration Quota Law:
  “3% of each nationality group already in the U.S. allowed per year; ceiling of 357,803 immigrants per year; no more than 20% of a group’s quota allowed per month”

• Some groups were excluded from this law because the agricultural industry needed farm labor (Ex. Canada, Latin America.)

• 1924 National Origins Act

• 2% per year of each group based upon 1890 census.
  Instead of using population data from 1924, they used data from 1890. The 1890s was just at the start of the new wave immigration.
• Targeted Asians Eastern and Southern Europeans
• President Calvin Coolidge signed Act while saying “America must be kept American”

• This was unusual for a president during times of peace to say hostile anti-immigrant statements

• Immigration policy lasted until 1965

Mexican immigration

• 1920s: California’s Mexican American population of 90,000 grew to 360,000
• By 1930, 2 million Mexican immigrants in the US

Eugenics

• The control of reproduction including forced sterilization in order to create a “superior race”
• People were experimenting with plants and animals to create a superior race. They then decided to try it on humans.
• Forced sterilization to young girls and boys who had disabilities (mental health issues, down syndrome)

• Adults in the community (teachers, parents, religious leaders) should send someone’s name to the Eugenic board to have them investigated

• Oregon & other states sterilized “feeble minded girls”
• Buck v. Bell (1927): Supreme Court upheld legality of Eugenics

• Carrie and Emma Buck sued Bell, the medical director
• The Supreme Court said that it is okay for anyone who’s disabled to be forcibly sterilized
• Reverted in 1970s

Harlem Renaissance

Artistic movement in Harlem, New York: music, painting, writing

African American writers and artists rose

1/30/2020

The Great Depression & The New Deal

The Great Depression

1929-1943

• 1928-1929: Surge in Stock Market speculation, $87 billion in 1929

• People bought stocks on credit and didn’t diversify their portfolio
• Over inflate stocks

• 1929, October 29: Stock market crash. Prices dropped to a more realistic price. Approximately $50 billion lost

US Joins the Global Depression

US joins the already existent Global Depression

• Europe struggled with wartime debt

• US loaned money to Europe/the central powers. Not getting that money back
• They aren’t able to buy US goods (no money)

• US and Europe now could not buy American goods
• 1930: 1,352 banks failed & $830 million deposits lost
• 1931: 2,300 banks failed & $1.7 billion lost
• 20% unemployment rate (up to 24% in 1933). Was originally 3%

Hoover’s Response, 1929-1932

Hoover’s responses didn’t work.

• Relied on voluntary aid associations

• Didn’t work because no one has any excess to donate (money, blankets, food, etc.). They either didn’t have it or were too scared to give

• The “Bitter Bread of Charity”: Aid humiliated and disciplined the poor

• If someone’s asking for extra food, the person who’s helping others has the right to humiliate and blame them (Ex. “you’re a bad father”)

• Government had a “hands off” response. Compared to FDR who had a “hands on” response (government’s here to help)
• Was a hero in WW1, but reputation fell as president. He wasn’t able to connect with the people

Hoovervilles

• Political protest. “Hoover isn’t doing enough”
• Seattle
• “Pipe City” in Oakland

Life during the Great Depression

• 1932: 250,000 nomadic families

• Sole purpose is looking for work
• People thought there was work in the west. Many migrated out west (but elders were left behind in their original town)

• The elderly had no one to take care of them. This sparked the social security act

• Women’s unemployment rate was over 20%

• Laws kept married women out of the workplace. “Husbands work”

• 26 out of 48 states (only 48 states during the great depression) proposed bills to try to ban married women from having a paid job. Only Louisiana successfully passed the law.

• 2 million women housecleaners didn't earn minimum wage

• Minimum wage was new in 1930 and excluded housecleaners. 25 cents/hour.

• Birth control was easier to obtain because people couldn’t afford kids
• Divorce rate increased (financial stress)
• High school enrollment increased. There were no jobs, so education was preferred
• ¼ of all farm families on public or private aid

• Droughts, dustbowls, flooding. Can’t farm
• Mortgage foreclosures of farms across the US

• When banks closed, farm owners were forced to pay all their mortgages now

Mexican Repatriation

Scapegoat for people in the west. Removing Mexican immigrants will free-up jobs for white people.

• ½ million Mexicans returned to Mexico in the 1930s, some voluntary and many by force
• They went to large corporate farms and offered Mexican looking labors a free one-way train ticket to Mexico. This was originally voluntary, but soon became forced deportation “round ups”

• Anyone who looks Mexican got sent to Mexico. Including people who aren’t mexican

• 70,000 Mexicans left Los Angeles in 1931

2/3/2020

Absent. WC FBLA Regionals. Notes from Michael’s voice recording

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ifVjwIi9i1-bRDCtCju-GpGei-VMq1V0

Bonus Marchers

Bonus Marchers were WW1 veterans. They were promised a 20 year bonus for their service (little per year). They didn’t receive the money because the US was in a financial problem. They asked congress to give them that money early. Congress said no. 10,000 marched in Washington and built their homeless camps in eye-shot of washington. Hoover told General Douglas MacArthur to get rid of these homeless veterans. So, they burn down the veteran’s hooverville. Hoover’s reputation went down (his election was in a few months). People believe he’s a cruel man. FDR won election

First New Deal

FDR’s economic stimulation programs  in hope to getting out of the great depression

There were two new deals. Change of relationships with government

FDR noticed and stated problems. They brought up things people were afraid of. He related to the people.

FDR said the would create a new deal, but they didn’t exactly know what it would be. He hired a Brain Trust (people behind the new deals). The Brain Trust contains people from all different political parties. If FDR thought you were able to come up with a solution, he hired you. He didn’t just hire politicians, he had professors (from all different field: psychology, lawyers), people who ran settlement houses, and muckrakers.

The first thing the Brain Trust did was address the bank crisis. First thing FDR did was president

• March 6, 1933. National Banking Holiday. All banks closed for 4 days. This was a trick to make sure banks were stable and able to reopen. If they were not financially healthy, they had to remain close.
• FDIC was created ($5,000 guaranteed). FDIC is still around

Alphabet soup groups

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

Public loved

• Teenage boys signed up. Only boys worked in this program
• Competitive program
• Took young boys from high crime areas and moved them to deforested/rual areas to plant trees
• Housed in military barracks. Food was included
• $30-35/month. Didn’t have to spend money on housing/food. There was nothing to spend that money on in that area. Therefore, nearly the full pay check got sent back to the family.
• Not only brought jobs, but also a crime reduction program
• 500,000 boys first year. Kept expanding. 1942 = 3 million workers
• Also helped the military (they didn’t know this). The CCC training was very similar to military training. They were all physically ready to go to the military.

PWA (Public Works Association)

People really liked this group. Large scale construction group.

• Grand coulee dam, large airports, rest stops

• People not only made money but also proud of their work. People got very proud of work by the PWA

• Hired men. Women left out
• Got paycheck from government. Shifted people’s mindset that government assistance is okay
• Removed the “bitter bread of charity”

2/4/2020

Mid-term. Won’t need to know specific dates. But you will need to know general time periods (chronology)

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

Greatly disliked

• Too many farmed goods on the market. Remove surplus to let farmers charge a higher price

• Instead of giving surplus to food banks & charities, they just threw it away

• Paid farmers to stop producing wheat, corn, cotton, pigs, and dairy (subsidy)

• No work for farm laborers (unemployment)

• Greatly disliked. Many blamed the AAA for their unemployment

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

• Tennessee Valley area has no electricity, running water, very underdeveloped
• Built hydro powered dams using the rivers

• Advanced the economic development of the entire Tennessee River Valley
• Created jobs for architects, engineers, construction workers, scientists, and clerks

• Men mainly benefited from the first new deal because it required physical strength.
• Women found ways to make money from the TVA.

• There were no hotels. Women made money by housing and feeding workers. Sold packed lunches to construction workers. Rent rooms.

• Brought electricity and running water to one of the poorest areas in the nation

Results of the First New Deal

• FDR began to strengthen the role and authority of the federal government
• Federal government programs changed the prior idea of “charity aid”
• Did not end the Great Depression. Neither of the new deals got the US out of the great depression

Critics of FDR

1934-1935

• Father Coughlin

• Detroit Catholic priest with an audience of millions
• Not a politician (not going to run for president)
• Anti-FDR
• Conservative
• Large figure. Could sway votes
• Fan base primarily of the lower middle class. Working in automotive industy

• Dr. Francies Townsend

• Elderly CA physician
• Not a politician (not going to run for president)
• Proposed the government pay $200 per month to retired people over 60 years (60 was very old back then)

• $200 is more than most people get from a job. More people will want to retire (more open jobs) and they would send money (up the economy)
• First person to bring up this idea

• Concerned about all the elderly people left in hometown by nomadic workers
• Retirees would have had to spend the money in 30 days

• Louisiana’s Huey Long

• “Share the Wealth”
  $5,000 to every family

• Distribute money from the rich
• Higher corporate taxes

• Seasoned politician. FDR thought he was a legitimate challenger for president
• Limit personal fortunes to $1 million
• Old age pension of $30 a month to people over 60 years old

Second New Deal

1943-1936

(WPA) Works Progress Association

• 8 million construction workers, writers, artists, photographers, and musicians employed between 1935-1942

• First new deal focused on construction jobs. The Works Progress Association helps bring jobs to artists.

• Employed 10,000 jobless writers
• Oral Histories of immigrants and former slaves

Social Security Act of 1935

• The major accomplishment of the New Deal
• Established worker’s pensions, unemployment insurance, survivor’s benefits for industrial accidents (if spouse killed on job), aid for disabled, aid for single mothers
• Ignored farmers, domestic workers, and self-employed

• Mainly immigrants, people of color, and women
• Updated in the 1950s to include them

• Embraced by people during the 1930s
• “A monthly check to you” Age 65

2/5/2020

Today is test prep/review day

Study Guide Topics:

1-5 gilded age

6-8 progressive era

9 ww1 (only 1 question)

10-15 1920s

16-17 great depression and new deal

Use elimination. Be careful with wording

Scantron + pencil. Graded same day, in a few hours

2/6/2020

Mid-term

2/10/2020

Annotated bibliography due tomorrow (2/11)

***POST MID-TERM***

World War II

1939-1945

Wartime jobs from WWII got the US out of the great depression.

51 million died (most are non-combatent/cilivians)

At the very start of WWII, the US was still trying to be neutral

• Some people said that get involved with WWI (loaning money, etc.) caused the great depression

Rise of Aggression in Europe and Asia

• 1930s: Authoritarian governments in Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Greece
• 1922-1943: Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy
• Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazis) gained power in Germany in late 1920s
• 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
• Nazis targeted Jews, homosexuals, communists, disabled, and political enemies

Appeasement

Giving a little bit just to get them to go away.

• Practiced by Great Britain & France
• 1938: Hitler demanded Germany’s right to Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
• Britain’s  Chamberlain compromised with Hilter by using “Appeasement” strategy

• Britain gave the land in hopes to Hitler not bothering them again
• Germany was breaking rules from the Treaty of Versailles

Japan

• General Hideki Tojo (later Prime Minister)
• Interested in expansion
• 1937: Declared war against China

Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937

These say to the world that we’re staying neutral

• Outlawed the sales of weapons & loans to nations at war

• People were very concerned about loans from WWI

• Forbade Americans from traveling on ships of warring countries

Leading up to WWII

• August 1939: Hilter & Stalin former Germany-Soviet pact

• Both don’t like each other, but they both wanted to expand and this pact helped
• Soviet Union & Germany promised not to fight & to divide Poland after it was invaded by Germany
• Britain & France promised to defend Poland
• September 1, 1939: Hilter invaded Poland
• September 3, 1939: Britain declares war on Germany. Soviet Union forced to side with Germany

Cash & Carry Plan, 1939

Removed all risks from the US. Allowed them the US to make money.

• Neutrality Acts amended for US to sell weapons and non-military supplies to countries at war
• Required they pay cash & carry weapons on their own ships
• Allowed the US to profit from the war

Pearl harbor

• Japan wanted empire to include China, southeast Asia, western Pacific (expand land)
• US put oil trade embargo on Japan
• The US had military bases in the pacific (area that Japan wanted to claim)
• September 1940: Japan, Germany, Italy signed “Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis” military alliance

Timeline:

• Sunday, December 7, 1941: Japanese planes attacked navy base on Oahu, hawaii

• 2,000 dead. 1,000+ injuries

• December 8, 1941: US declare war against Japan
• 3 days later, Germany & italy declare war against US (because they’re allies with Japan)

The Battlefront in Europe

• Approach of Allies: Attach Germany first, Japan second
• The US haven’t be preparing or fighting since WWI

War in the Pacific

• Philippines, Australia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, plus smaller South Pacific Islands
• General Douglas MacArthur’s “Island Hopping”

• Taking control of islands, inching towards Japan

The Holocaust

Pattern of genecide

1. Group getting labeled
2. Group isolated
   Jews not allowed to work for the government/university, or go to university.
3. Slow stripping away of civil rights
   No longer German citizens, can’t vote, can’t marry.

Jewish Migration

• By 1939: 300,000 Jews fled Germany. 200,000 fled Austria
• June 1939: 900 jewish refugees arrived on St. Louis ship in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida & sent back to Germany

• Government and many civilians (on boats) refused the ship to dock
• Ship sent back to Germany. 700 of the 900 died in concentration camps
• There was a immigrantion quota. The US maintained those quotas

• In total 200,000 Jewish refugees were able to get into the US

Japanese Internment

• Issei: First generation Japanese Immigrants (37,000 interned)
• Nisei: US born Japanese Americans (75,000 interned)
• FDR’s Executive order 9066: February 1942, Nisei and issei on West Coast forcibly removed from homes.

• Exclusion Area: West coast
• Most Japanese lived in Hawaii, but wasn’t in the exclusion area

• 4 billion lost in property & belongings
• Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of internment policy, Korematsu v. US  (1944)

• 1982: US government admitted internment “not based on military necessity” & $20,000 given to 62,000 survivors in 1988

2/12/20

Absent.

Notes from recording from Danylo

When President Truman announced the surrender of Germany,

• Us vs Them attitude. Labeling Germany as evil
• He had the attitude of as if he’s trying to prove them wrong. “let me know you i’m tough”
• Either FDR, Hitler, or Italy’s leader lived to see the end of WWII

Rosie the Riveter

• Making aircraft (Boeing), machine guns
• Dec 1941: War started but factories were empty because no one was buying

• War production board gave defense contracts to more companies (compared to WWI)

• Guaranteed purchase
• Heavy equipment, instant food, blood donations, scientists making anti-malaria medication
• The US provided a lot of the materials for the war (other countries provided more troops)
• 17 million new jobs created

• Went from no job in great depression to full time or overtime jobs

• If someone spending money frivolously was looked down upon. Rosie the riveters saved their money in the bank.

• People were also given ration stamps. If you’re caught spending more than the ration stamps allowed, you were shamed. Stamps were sometimes more valuable than money. Meatless Tuesdays. Saving tin cans for production.

• If you had a job seen as essential, you could get more stamps. Government job, Law enforcement, doctor
• Stamps were traded
• People sold counterfeit sugar/coffee from the back of cars at a higher price

The US government used a lot of propaganda to change how the public act

• The Office of War Information were responsible for creating propaganda
• They hired designers and psychologists. 4,000 advertisers hired (artists, writers, etc.)
• Wanted people to buy war bonds, save/ration gas and food
• Used children and soldiers in propaganda. Also used guilt (psychologists’ work). Also used hilter, nazi, or general tojo in graphics
• Didn’t casualty and injury numbers to be released to the public. Due to FDR’s order

• When the public wasn’t rationing enough or wasn’t complacent, the Office of War Information would release footage and information to show how hard it was on the soldiers

2/13/20

Primary Source Activity. Turned in on paper in class

2/18/20

Monday 3/2: Rough draft. 3 page double spaced

Rosie the Riveter was propaganda

• Federal government urged women to work in 1942. Previously, people were trying to limit and ban women from working
• Over 6 million women worked in war production
• 1945: ⅓ of workforce were women
• 75% married, 60% over 35, 33% had kids under 14

• Anyone who did war-time work
• Propaganda portrayed as very young

Flag to represent family members serving in the war. Stars in the center of white flag with red border. One star represents one family member (generally husband)

Hostility Towards Rosie

People wanted to recruit these workers, but they also were very hostile against them

• Women earned 35% less pay than men
• Government and unions portrayed their work as temporary

• Didn’t move up into management

• “A woman is a substitute like plastic instead of metal”. This quote came from recruitment manuals.
• 1945 poll: Only 18% approved of married women working

The Atomic Bombs

• 1939: Einstein warned US about German development of A-bomb
• Manhattan project began in 1941 between US and Britain
• 2 bobs completed in Los Alamos, NM
• July 16, 1945: tet bomb exploded in Alamogordo, NM
• Hiroshima: 60,000 died immediately. 75,000 later from radiation and burns
• Nagasaki: 30,000 died immediately.

2/19/20

The Cold War

1945-1991

Very intense hostility between the US and the Soviet Union. (Global powers that emerged from WWII)

USSR 1922-1991

Competition in everything (space race, olympics, etc.)

During the cold war, families stockpiled supplies and built backyard bunkers

Characteristics of the Cold War

Hot war: physically fighting

Cold war: physiological wars

• Presence of Atomic Weapons influenced diplomacy
• Who would control Eastern Europe? Communist USSR or Democratic US?

• Both wanted to gain access to
• Stalin lost 20 million people while the US lost 400,000. Stalin wanted this land was compensation

• US and USSR very hostile to each other. (even with change of leaders/president)
• Obsession with Containing Communism

Major Diplomatic Policies

• Truman Doctrine, 1948: Defense of “freedom”

• Speech to public over radio. Wanted to send money to Greece and Turkey
• Kept repeating “freedom”, “maintaining freedom”, “free”
• Became justification to intervene internationally

• Marshall Plan (1948-1952): Provided US support for Europe’s economic recovery, “Prosperity makes you free”

• Grant $$
• They would then use that money to buy US stuff
• The USSR did the same thing. Western Europe connected with the US. Estern Europe connected with USSR. Called the Iron curtain

• Whatever the US did, the Soviet Union copied it

East & West Germany Divide

• Germany divided into 4 sections: Britain, France, US, and USSR all control 1 part
• Berlin (capital) run by all 4 but located in USSR’s section

• Also broken into 4 different zones.

• Blockade of Berlin & Airlift

• Roads and railroads track into Soviet Union were closed off. US, France, and Britain would now need to fly supplies into their own people (Berlin Airlift: June 1948 to May 1949).
• Stalin’s hope was to make the US, France, and Britain people in Berlin more depended on the USSR

• May 1949: West Germany separated from the USSR’s East Germany

• West and East Berlin was split by the Berlin war

Cold War at home

• Bomb shelters

• Was viewed as a financial investment. Increases property value. 7-8K. Started at 1K
• Practical decisions
• Inside looks calm
• Cities built community bomb/fallout shelters using tax money

• Bomb drills
• “Sky Watchers”

• Clubs looking for societ planes using telescopes
• Report news to government

2/20/20

The “Red Scare”

Scared of being accused or associated with a communist

• (HUAC) House of Un-American Activities Committee uncovered members of the Communist Party

• Existed before the Cold War (1930s)
• Committee apart of the house of Reps
• People were accused with weak or no evidence

• Executive Order 9835, “Federal Employee Loyalty Program” 1947

• Banned members or sympathies of the Communist party from federal employment
• 39 states had loyalty oaths

The Hollywood Ten, 1947

• HUAC hearings exposed Communists in the Film Industry
• They didn’t answer questions and were people pressured to reveal names (but didn’t)

• Ten directors/writers/actors sent to prison for contempt of Congress. 6 months to 1 year

• Directors/writers/actors blacklisted. Lost their career (only 2 of the 10 got their career back)

In the HUAC, you can become a friendly witness or witness for Congress and admit to being a communist (maybe in the past) and rat other people out.

The Pumpkin Papers

Alger Hiss and Whitaker Chambers

1948-1950

• Whitaker Chambers: Editor of Time magazine, former Soviet agent

• He admitted to being a Soviet spy. Said that in 1938, there was another spy who gave him documents to give to the Soviet Union
• Went back to a normal life

• Chambers named Alger Hiss to HUAC, 1948

• Worked for the New Deal government as a Lawyer
• Hiss denied the accusations.
• Chambers created 5 rolls of film. Hidden in a hollowed out pumpkin hidden on his Farm.
• Hiss lost his career and struggled financially

• Richard Nixon

• Gained popularity from this case

Joseph McCarthy

Many politicians saw that Richard Nixon raised to fame through accusing people.

• Senator from Wisconsin
• Created hysteria over finding Communists in government during the 1950s
• His reputation was low

• Known alcoholic. Publicly drunk in congress
• Caught in a lie of being a heroic WWII soldier

• Spoke to the public claiming to know people who worked in the government as a communist

2/24/20

1950s

Iconic views

• Families in suburbs

• Setting for many films

• Married couples sleeping separately
• Homes had picture windows

• For people outside to see all the consumer items. Show off display items, couches, and other consumer items

The G.I. Bill

Used as a way to recruit

• Prioritized jobs for veterans
• 4 million veterans used low-interest loans & mortgages
• College or vocational training paid by government. $500/year (enough for public college tuition, books, fees)

• Getting a college degree was views as just for people in the higher class

• 1947: Over 50% of college students were WW2 vets

• They needed space in the colleges so there were less women accepted as veterans had priority

• Women enrollment. 1949: 40%. 1950: 25%

The Affluent society

• 1960: 60% of US families owned homes, 75% owned cars, 87% owned 1 TV

• People learned what to buy through the TV
• Cars were getting larger

• 1950: Diners Club issued first credit card

• Spending similar to 1920s (consumer durable items)
• No longer credit accounts with each business
• Credit limit were low

• People experienced WWI, the Great depression, and WWII rationing/shortage. Because the war is now over, people felt okay to buy everything
• Frozen food were popular, modern

• Families buying more disposable items

Life in the Suburbs

It was popular to live in the suburbs

• 58 million cars purchased in 1950s
• 85% of the 13 million new homes built in the 1950s located in suburbs
• There was support from the federal government to encourage people to more into the suburbs

• New roads for all the cards

• Homes were exactly the same

Ticky Tacky Houses

Called Ticky Tacky because it was described as “flimsy”.

• Company buys large plot of land and builds exact same homes (only 1 to 4 versions)
• Homes built quicker, cheaper, but not unique
• All inhibited by young families who were new to the middle class

• One was usually a veteran
• If you wanted to criticize someone, you would say they were a conformist where everyone lived and looked the same
• It was safer to not stand out

• Avoid being called a communist, etc.

Levittown,  New York

• First planned communities
• Became profitable. Technique expanded to other locations
• $8,000 for one home. About $75,000 today

• Low down payment and interest for veterans

• A lot of rules. Was like a contract, if broken you had to pay a fine

• No fences
• Hanging clothes lines only allowed at certain hours

Red Lining & Restrictive Covenants

Made it harder for non-whites to get housing. These practices have been made illegal

Although these homes were shown as the norm for everyone on TV, only whites were able to get them

Red Lining

Goal of making neighborhoods White. Non-whites were declared financially risky for specific white neighborhoods

Restrictive Covenants

Homeowners Associations had rules preventing non-white from owning, renting, or living in neighborhoods

Suburbs were highly idealized but were accessible to everyone

2/25/20

Consumerism & Conformity

• 1/7 of income spent on entertainment

• The norm was the have fun

• 1946: 1/18,000 homes had 1 TV vs 1960: almost 9/10 homes had 1 TV

• TVs were available in the late 1930s. But no one bought because it’s during the war

• Advertising created brand consciousness

• Companies started marketing their brands instead of just the products
• People were excited about commercials to learn about the latest and hottest new things
• Selling lifestyle or identity

• TV celebrated conformality, family shows, teen idols, perfect mothers

• “Goody Goody TV”. Everything on TV showed a perfect/idealized lifestyle
• For the first time, teenagers were listened to and valued for advertising, consumer, etc.

• But still not politically valued (can’t vote until 21)

• No dangerous content on TV
• Some teens idols were also in films

• Idols through TV, dances, etc.
• James Dean played the main character in “Rebel without a cause”

• Played cluster of teenage outcast who’s misunderstood by parents

Mixed families and kids were unusual, but the show “I Love Lucy” was extremely popular and showed a mixed couple. Lucy was not only one of the lead roles, but also the producer

Toys

• Lincoln logs
• Tinkertoy
• Rollerblade
• Hoolahoop
• Barbie

• Marketed as the ideal girl. In the 1950s it was all about dressing up barbie who was exactly the same (single race, etc.)

Rock & Roll

• Parents didn’t want kids to listen to rock & roll

• It was louder and had include from African blue’s
• Some had sexual connotation

Beauty Standards

• Beauty advertisements included a lot of sexual connotations even though parents didn’t want kids to listen to rock & roll
• Products marketed to “keep your husband”

• Insult in 1950s: For the wife to look older or be older than your husband

• 1956: Average weight for women was 15 pounds lighter than 1926 average weight

• Tapeworm diet

• Buy tapeworm eggs to grow a tapeworm in your intestines that takes the nutrients  in your intestines and makes your look thin.

• 1956: $1.3 billion spent on cosmetics, $660 million on beauty treatments, $400 million on soap and electric grooming, $65 milion on “reducing”

Domesticity

• The Baby Boom Generation: 76 million born between 1946-1964
• By 1960, ⅓ of US population were children under 14

• Life expectancy started to increase (antibiotics)
• Infant mortality rate decreased

• Dr. Spock, Common Sense book of baby & Child, 1946

• Became the message of what to do with your kid. Rules and expectations of a mom
• Prior to this book, women who needed advice would ask their mothers/any else who had a baby. Because of the book, it became more important to ask an expert

2/26/20

Teens had instructional dating videos

1950s Marriage Mania

• Bty 1951: 69% of all US adult women were married
• 1 in 3 wed by 19
• By 1957: 14 million girls engaged by 17

1952: APA (american psychiatric association)’s book called the DSM diagonized homosexuality as a mental disease. (stayed in the book until the 1980s)

Single Women in the 1950s

• Single women were called “Lone Female”. Studied by writers & psychiatrists

• Viewed working women as someone who’s at work to steal someone’s man

• Hostility & suspicion directed towards single women & working women
• 1955: Over 300 pro-marriage books published for women
• If you didn’t get married by 24, you were called a spinster

Urban Hotels for Single Women

• High rise, all-girl hotels & boarding houses
• NYC’s Barbizon hotel for Women used by movie stars Grace Kelly, Liza Minnelli, writers Gael Greene, Sylvia Plath

• Wealthy parents sent their daughters who wanted to pursue a career while keeping their family and daughter’s reputation
• Viewed as being in an expensive club
• Selective and had to apply

• Working women
• Generally had college degree

• Girls were thought to be successful

• Gael Greene, New York post, 1958, claimed hotels evoked fears of spinsterhood

Single Pregnancy in the 1950s

• 1944-1955: 80% increase in the # of white babies up for adoption
• Hospital abortion committee required 2 letters from doctors diagnosing a woman as psychologically impaired for in medical need

• Only available in larger cities
• Letters were sometimes fraudulent

• Options: Quick marriage, ilegal/unsafe abortion (back ally abortion), “Home for Wayward Girls” before adoption

• Adoption was treated secretly. People lied

• Race determined options of a single mother
• Parents were more concerned about the reputation of the family instead of the how the girl was feeling

Sexuality in the 1950s

• Dr. Alfred Kinsey’s Studies on Sex in Marriage, in 1948 (male surveys) & 1953 (female surveys)
• Surveys uncovered pre-marital sex, mastrubation, affairs, & homosexuality
• Attitudes towards marital sex on longer about procreation
• Promoted female sexuality as normal

Giving Birth in the 1950s

At the time, the medical doctor were the experts. Nowadays, the patient is the expert as they know their body the best.

• Obstetricians (delivering the baby) almost always male
• No lamaze, few midwives
• Women had little knowledge of anesthesia, c-sections, hysterectomies

• They didn’t know what’s going on

• Doctors hostile to breastfeeding’ 25% breastfed from 1940-1970

• Doctors encouraged formula. The expectation was to use formula

• Clothing was loose with the goal to hide the pregnancy

Unhappiness of 1950s Housewives

• Alcoholism, domestic violence ignored by police, judges, hospital workers, etc.

• A lot of re-traumatizing

• “Mother’s Little helper” used for housework

• Doctors in the 1950s/1960s over prescribed amphetamine pills to women who felt overworked.
• If a man helped women clean, they were seen as less than a man. Called a hen-peck man

• ¼ - ⅓ of couples married in  1950s would eventually divorce
• Strict gender roles pressured women to stay out of the workforce

2/27/20

In Class Activity: “Job Switching” episode of I Love Lucy (1952)

3/3/20

Civil Rights

1964 - turning point year

• Develop to civil and human rights
• Civil Rights Act passed

College students had a Sit In at a restaurant in a Drug Store. Started with 4 students and grew. This happened for 6 months before this one Drug Store chain in this one state allowed for on-segregated lunch counters.

Although sit ins were meant to be peaceful, they had to deal with hostility from protesters against them

Jim Crow Laws

Since 1865. Not always necessarily legal laws. Some were legal laws and you could be arrested

Jim Crow laws were not always the same between states or cities.

• Who people could marry
• Physical touching
• Locations

1965. Brown vs Board of Education

Schools can’t be segregated. But there was no date where it had to happen. So states in the south didn't do it.

“Separate but equal” was legal

Little Rock Nine

Students weren’t able to get into the school

The US President had to step in and get paratroopers to escort them in

From this point on, all lectures are pre-recorded online because of the Coronavirus

Open Source on GitHub: @garyhtou/us-history-148